by Canuck on Sat May 31, 2008 11:11 am
Benefits of Loading:
Seven participants loaded with creatine (5gm + 20gm glucose 4 x per day) for 5 days. While 8 subjects loaded for the 5 days on a placebo (20gm of glucose). It was randomized and double blind trial. The researchers did not purposely select athletes that had not used creatine previously and had them abstain from using any supplement for 12 weeks before the study.
Results showed that the average "work capacity at fatigue threshold" was higher for the creatine supplemented group than for the placebo group. Their group average power output was greater before fatigue and upon closer scrutiny of the data, the differences were also clearly seen individually. Five (5) of the 7 creatine fed athletes increased their work capacity at fatigue threshold while only one increased in the placebo group.
(Ref:Effect of creatine loading on neuromuscular fatigue threshold. J.Appl.Physiol. 88:109-112. 2000)
A review by Ira Jacobs examined over 100 full research papers published only in peer-reviewed journals where research design was double blind and placebo controlled only. The report showed those subjects with the highest creatine uptake in muscle had the lowest initial, pretreatment concentrations. Where as those with already high creatine levels show little or no change.
Supplementation during exercise periods resulted in increased creatine accumulation and that creatine loading does enhance muscular performance. However, in most reports about performance, there were no simultaneous determination of muscle creatine levels. Indicating that the optimum cellular levels are yet to be established.
(Ref:Dietary Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation.1999 Can.J.Appl.Physiol. 24(6) Dec:503-514)
Furthermore, scientists the University of Bergen, Norway (dept of physiology) have demonstrated that creatine loading enabled sprinters to record faster times.
In a single blind test on 18 sprinters. Either 20 grams of creatine (in divided equal doses) with 20 grams of glucose per day was provided. Or 40 grams of glucose per day (9 sprinters in each group).
The effect of creatine on sprint performance was evaluated in two tests; 1 x 100 meter sprint and 6x60 meter intermittent sprints. Creatine supplementation enabled the sprinters to significantly reduce their 100-meter sprint times from 11.68+/-0.27 seconds down to 11.59+/-0.31 seconds.
additionally, the creatine supplemented sprinters reduced their total time of 6 intermittent 60 meter sprints (45.63+/-1.11 s vs. 45.12+/-1.1 seconds). Sprint velocities were significantly increased in 5 out of 6 intermittent 60 m sprints in the creatine using athletes, suggesting quicker, more efficient energy repletion and greater resistance to fatigue. No improvements were observed in the placebo group.
Creatine increases the availability of energy substrates for performing work, especially at high intensities.
(Ref: Scand J Med Sci Sports. Apr;11(2):96-102, 2001)
Moreover,
High [creatine] within muscle is a must to triggering anabolic effects at the cellular level. However, traditional dosage pattern fails to maintain high muscle creatine concentrations over a longer period of time (6 to 12 weeks). (Ref: Volek, J.S., Duncan, N.D., Mazzetti, S.A., Staron, R.S., Putukian, M., Gomez, A.L., Pearson, D.R., Fink, W.J. and Kraemer, W.J. Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training. Medicine &science in sports and exercise. 31, pp.1147-1156, 1999)
Loading for longer periods, may cause creatine saturation outside the cell that prevents effective muscle uptake for weeks or months (Ref: Ontivers, G & Wallimann, T. In: Mol & Cell Biochem. 184, pp.27-437, 1998.
Finally, small maintenance dose is futile at maintaining high muscle creatine concentrations. Using a small dose after loading ensures that high muscle creatine concentrations disappear within 6 weeks. (Ref: Clinical Science (2003) 104, (153–162) (Printed in Great Britain) Effects of creatine loading and prolonged creatine supplementation on body composition, fuel selection, sprint and endurance performance in humans)
This recent study has confirmed that small daily dosages of creatine at 2 grams/day for six weeks, fails to maintain high muscle [creatine] in sedentary individuals.
Creatine loaded into muscles creates high [creatine] levels. however the dose of 2g/day after the loading showed that previously high [creatine] had disappeared within 6 weeks (Clinical Science, 2003). Additionally, training is shown to deplete cellular muscle creatine concentrations, so it is difficult to see how this small dose could maintain levels over time.
I am inclined, based solely on the research to recommend the 5 day loading phase. However, I believe there is even better ways to take creatine which research will soon reveal.
~Canadian Lion :: Canuck Singh :: Muscle Balance Function Practitioner & Physio2b~
Use BSD Discount Code: BSD17 for 5% off first order